This is a list of the culture collection of Cyanidiales and other microalgae isolated from different geothermal areas in the West Pacific Island Chain, the first chain. During our experiments, we frequently encountered mixed contamination, which resulted from the combination of two different algal species or strains instead of fungi and bacteria. One of the reasons for this issue may be the adhesion of two mixed strains using only a plate streaking isolation procedure (i.e., the initial isolation). To address this, we purified the culture strains from the initial isolation by using a plate streaking isolation followed by a serial dilution (i.e., the first-time purification). After purification, we picked a single colony and transferred it to sloped agar in a test tube for long-term culture storage. After every physiological experiment, we washed the purified strain from the test tube and repeated the above-mentioned isolation process (i.e., the second-time purification, and so on). We followed the same procedure for those obtained from other culture centers. Additionally, after each purification step, including the initial isolation and first-time purification, we molecularly barcoded the identity of the strain using rbcL to ensure that the target strain was not contaminated. For the purification procedure described above, we conducted the purification process for each strain at a time in a laminar flow chamber treated with 70% EtOH and overnight UV light (i.e., one working day per strain). By doing so, we ensured that the cultured strain was pure in terms of a single algal species (i.e., isogenic strain) without any contamination of other algae, fungi, and bacteria.
Relevant Publications:
- Huang TY, Yoon HS, Chiang YR, Fu HY, Watanabe T, Gerung GS, Geraldino PJL, Liu SL*. 2023. Proposal of Cyanidiofrigus pintoensis gen. et sp. nov., Galdieria sentsovae sp. nov., and G. sinetovae sp. nov. within polyextremophilic
red algae (Cyanidiophyceae). Phycologia (In Revision) (THAL103) - Park SI, Cho CH, Ciniglia C, Huang TY, Liu SL, Bustamante DE, Calderon MS, Mansilla, McDermott T, Andersen RA, Yoon HS*. 2023. Revised classification of the Cyanidiophyceae based on plastid genome data with descriptions of the Cavernulicolales ord. nov. and Galdieriales ord. nov. Journal of Phycology. (In Press) (THAL103)
- Choa YL, Tzou YM, Wang CC, Lee YC, Hsu LC, Liu SL, Assakinah A, Chen YH, Than NAT, Liu YT*, Rinklebee J. 2023. Removal and concurrent reduction of Cr(VI) by thermoacidophilic Cyanidiales: a novel extreme biomaterial enlightened for acidic and neutral conditions. Journal of Hazardous Materials 445: 130334. (10D, THAL066, NIES551, NIES3377)
- Cho YL, Lee YC, Hsu LC, Wang CC, Chen PC, Liu SL, Teah HY, Liu YT*, Tzou YM*. 2020. Molecular mechanisms for Pb removal by Cyanidiales: a potential biomaterial applied in thermo-acidic conditions. Chemical Engineering Journal (In Press) (THAL066, NIES551, NIES3377)
- Liu SL, Chiang YR, Yoon HS, Fu HY*. 2020. Comparative genome analysis reveals Cyanidiococcus gen. nov., a new extremophilic algal genus sister to Cyanidioschyzon (Cyanidioschyzonaceae, Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology (In Press). (THAL066; NIES-4390)
- Lin WJ, Ho HC, Chu SC, Chou JY. 2020 Effects of auxin derivatives on phenotypic plasticity and stress tolerance in five species of the green alga Desmodesmus (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta). Peer J 8: e8623. (JYC037-JYC045; THAL106-THAL114)
- Fu HY, Liu SL, Chiang YR. 2020. Biosynthesis of ascorbate acid as a glucose-induced photoprotective process in the extremophilic red alga Galdieria partita. Frontiers in Microbiology 10: 3005. (THAL043)
- Hsieh CJ, Zhan SH, Liao CP, Tang SL, Wang LC, Watanabe T, Geraldino PJ, Liu SL. 2018. The effects of contemporary selection and dispersal limitation on the community assembly of acidophilic microalgae. Journal of Phycology 54: 720-733. (Environmental Sample Collection)
- Hsieh CJ, Zhan SH, Lin YC, Tang SL, Liu SL. 2015. Analysis of rbcL sequences reveals the global biodiversity, community structure, and biogeographical pattern of thermoacidophilic red algae (Cyanidiales). Journal of Phycology 51: 682-694. (Environmental Sample Collection)
I. Isolated or maintained strains in the THAL culture collection
- Galdieria partita
Strain: THAL001
Strain purity: The first time purification
Site: DiReGu, Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan
Microhabitat: stream (Temp = no measurement; pH = no measurement) - Galdieria sulphuraria
Strain: THAL003
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: DiReGu, Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan
Microhabitat: stream (Temp = no measurement; pH = no measurement) - Galdieria partita
Strain: THAL010
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: MaCao, Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan
Microhabitat: stream (Temp = 38.7℃; pH = 3.82) - Galdieria sulphuraria
Strain: THAL011
Strain purity: The first time purification
Site: Tengchong , China
Microhabitat: endolithic (Temp = 45.2℃; pH = 2.12) - Galdieria partita
Strain: THAL017
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: Pinus, Indonesia
Microhabitat: stream (Temp = 37.0℃; pH = 2.65) - Galdieria partita
Strain: THAL018
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: Bukit Kaish, Indonesia
Microhabitat: endolithic (Temp = 26.7℃; pH = 0.4) - Galdieria partita
Strain: THAL019
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: Zano Pasuh, Indonesia
Microhabitat: clay sulfur deposit soil (Temp = 24.8℃; pH = 0.4) - Galdieria partita
Strain: THAL022
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: Valencia, Philippines
Microhabitat: hypolithic (Temp = 39.0℃; pH = 0.4) - Galdieria partita
Strain: THAL023
Strain purity: The first time purification
Site: Fukenoyu, Japan
Microhabitat: river (Temp = 35.0℃; pH = 1.6) - Galdieria partita
Strain: THAL024
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: Fukenoyu, Japan
Microhabitat: river (Temp = 35.0℃; pH = 1.6) - Galdieria partita
Strain: THAL025
Strain purity: The first time purification
Site: Dauwin, Philippines
Microhabitat: stream (Temp = 48.0 ℃; pH = 1.97) - Galdieria partita
Strain: THAL028
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: Danav Linow, Indonesia
Microhabitat: Epilithic clay sulfur deposit (Temp = 29.5℃; pH = 0.4) - Galdieria partita
Strain: THAL029
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: Zano Pasuh, Indonesia
Microhabitat: Endolithic sulfur crystal rock (Temp = 26.6℃; pH = 2.8) - Galdieria sulphuraria
Strain: THAL030
Strain purity: The first time purification
Site: GengZiPing, Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan
Microhabitat: stream (Temp = 45.5℃; pH = 2.5) - Galdieria partita
Strain: THAL033
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: GengZiPing, Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan
Microhabitat: stream (Temp = 39.0℃; pH = 2.57) - Galdieria partita
Strain: THAL034
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: SiHuangPing, Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan
Microhabitat: epilithic (Temp = no measurement; pH = no measurement) - Galdieria partita
Strain: THAL036
Strain purity: The first time purification
Site: DaYouKen, Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan
Microhabitat: stream (Temp = 43.4℃; pH = 2.27) - Galdieria partita
Strain: THAL043
Strain purity: The first time purification
Site: DaYouKen, Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan
Microhabitat: stream (Temp = 46.0-48.0℃; pH = 2.15) - Galdieria partita
Strain: THAL046
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: Camiguium, Philippines
Microhabitat: stone (Temp = 40.0℃; pH = 2.8) - Galdieria partita
Strain: THAL047
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: Valencia, Philippines
Microhabitat: hypolithic (Temp = 26.6℃; pH = 2.8) - Galdieria partita
Strain: THAL052
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: Umi Jigoku, Japan
Microhabitat: pool (Temp = 45.0℃; pH = 3) - Galdieria partita
Strain: THAL056
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: Nishinokawara, Kusatsu, Japan
Microhabitat: pool (Temp = 45.1℃; pH = 1.87) - Galdieria daedala
Strain: THAL058
Strain purity: The first time purification
Site: Jigokunma, Sukayu, Aomori, Japan
Microhabitat: stream (Temp = 42.1°C; pH = 1.99) - Galdieria partita
Strain: THAL059
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: Sukayu, Aomori, Japan
Microhabitat: epilith (Temp = 33.1°C; pH = 0.4) - Galdieria partita
Strain: THAL060
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: Sainokawara, Sukayu, Aomori, Japan
Microhabitat: epilith (Temp = 42.2°C; pH = 0.4) - Galdieria partita
Strain: THAL064
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: Nishinokawara, Kusatsu, Japan
Microhabitat: pool (Temp = 45.1℃; pH = 1.87) - Galdieria partita
Strain: THAL065
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: Sessyogara, Kusatsu, Japan
Microhabitat: epilithic (Temp = 23.3℃; pH = 0.4) - Cyanidiococcus yangmingshanensis
Strain: THAL066, NIES-4390
Strain purity: The first time purification
Site: GenZiPeng, Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan
Microhabitat: air (Temp = no measurement; pH = no measurement) - Galdieria partita
Strain: THAL069
Strain purity: The first time purification
Site: GengZiPing, Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan
Microhabitat: soil with crystallized sulfate (Temp = 16.8°C; pH < 0.4) - Scenedesmus cf. quadricauda
Strain: THAL072
Strain purity: The first time purification
Site: MeiRenDong, XiaoLiuQiu, Taiwan
Microhabitat: cave (Temp = 23.0℃; pH = 7.5) - Galdieria sulphuraria
Strain: THAL079
Strain purity: The first time purification
Site: Rotorua Hell’s Gate, New Zealand
Microhabitat: air (Temp = no measurement; pH = no measurement) - Galdieria maxima
Strain: THAL093
Strain purity: The first time purification
Site: GengZiPing, Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan
Microhabitat: stream (Temp = 41.8℃; pH = 1.92) - Galdieria maxima
Strain: THAL094
Strain purity: The first time purification
Site: Yunokawa onsen ashiyu, Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan
Microhabitat: stream (Temp = 46.0℃; pH = 1.72) - Galdieria maxima
Strain: THAL095
Strain purity: The first time purification
Site: GengZiPing, Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan
Microhabitat: stream (Temp = 41.8℃; pH = 1.92) - Galdieria maxima
Strain: THAL096
Strain purity: The first time purification
Site: Buckit Kasih, Manado, Indonesia
Microhabitat: endolith (Temp = 31.3°C; pH = 0.4) - Galdieria maxima
Strain: THAL097
Strain purity: The first time purification
Site: Teshikaga, Hokkaido, Japan
Microhabitat: stream (Temp = 40.0℃; pH = 2) - Cyanidium sp. OTU2
Strain: THAL103
Strain purity: The initial isolation with fungi contamination
Site: GengZiPing, Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan
Microhabitat: air (Temp = no measurement; pH = no measurement) - Galdieria daedala
Strain: THAL105
Strain purity: The first time purification
Site: Mount Iwo, Akan Volcanic Complex, Hokkado, Japan
Microhabitat: ditch (Temp = ca. 40℃; pH = 2.0) - Desmodesmus armatus
Strain: JYCA037, THAL106
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: Baisha Lake, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
Microhabitat: artificial lake, freshwater, eutrophic - Desmodesmus pannonicus
Strain: JYCA038, THAL107
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: Baisha Lake, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
Microhabitat: artificial lake, freshwater, eutrophic - Desmodesmus armatus
Strain: JYCA039, THAL108
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: Baisha Lake, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
Microhabitat: artificial lake, freshwater, eutrophic - Desmodesmus communis
Strain: JYCA040, THAL109
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: Baisha Lake, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
Microhabitat: artificial lake, freshwater, eutrophic - Desmodesmus armatus
Strain: JYCA041, THAL110
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: Baisha Lake, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
Microhabitat: artificial lake, freshwater, eutrophic - Desmodesmus intermedius
Strain: JYCA042, THAL111
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: Baisha Lake, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
Microhabitat: artificial lake, freshwater, eutrophic - Desmodesmus opoliensis
Strain: JYCA043, THAL112
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: Baisha Lake, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
Microhabitat: artificial lake, freshwater, eutrophic - Desmodesmus communis
Strain: JYCA044, THAL113
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: Baisha Lake, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua City, Changhua County 500, Taiwan
Microhabitat: artificial lake, freshwater, eutrophic - Desmodesmus armatus
Strain: JYCA045, THAL114
Strain purity: The initial isolation
Site: Baisha Lake, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
Microhabitat: artificial lake, freshwater, eutrophic
II. Strains obtained from other culture centers
- Galdieria maxima
Strain: NIES2137
Strain purity: The first time purification
Site: Nikko-Yumoto Hot spring, Nikko Tochigi, Japan - Galdieria sulphuraria
Strain: SAG107.79
Strain purity: The first time purification
Site: Lemonade springs, California, Sonoma Co, United States - Galdieria sulphuraria
Strain: 074G
Strain purity: The first time purification
Site: Java, Mt. Lawu fumaroles, Indonesia - Cyanidium caldarium
Strain: NIES551
Strain purity: The first time purification
Site: UNKNOWN - Galdieria phlegrea
Strain: CCCryo128-00
Strain purity: The first time purification
Site: Soos, near Skalná Hájek, Districk of Cheb, Region of Karlovacky, Czech Republic - Cyanidioschyzon merolae
Strain: 10D (NIES3377)
Strain purity: the first time purification
Site: A geothermal site at Sardegna in Italy